Tailoring dyadic coping strategies to attachment style: Emotion-focused and problem-focused dyadic coping differentially buffer anxiously and avoidantly attached partners

Attachment insecurity is associated with lower satisfaction and lower felt security in romantic relationships, especially during times of stress such as coping with a global pandemic. Heightened external stressors for couples are associated with poorer relationship quality, but how couples cope with stress together, or their dyadic coping strategies, is associated with the maintenance of relationship satisfaction. In the current study, we followed 184 couples living together during the COVID-19 pandemic to test whether specific coping strategies buffered people higher in attachment anxiety and avoidance from lower satisfaction and felt security in the early weeks and ensuing months of the pandemic. Our findings demonstrate that perceiving more emotion-focused dyadic coping—being affectionate and using intimacy—buffered the negative association between attachment anxiety and relationship satisfaction and felt security, both concurrently and over several months of the pandemic. In addition, problem-focused perceived dyadic coping backfired for people higher in attachment anxiety;they felt less satisfied when they perceived more problem-focused coping—which involves being solution-focused and using instrumental support—in their relationship. In contrast, people higher in attachment avoidance were buffered against lower relationship satisfaction when they perceived more problem-focused dyadic coping and were not buffered by emotion-focused coping. The current findings suggest the importance of tailoring coping strategies to a partner's attachment style for relationship quality and felt security during times of stress.

Relatedness and relationships in the time of Covid-19

This chapter describes about the experiences of the pandemic and lockdown. The memories of these experiences in the present moment, are a recollection of these experiences. These recollections represent with more or less accuracy how they related to these events and experiences. All is about relatedness. The fundamental principle of relatedness is at the heart of what people try to 'attend to' as existential therapists and supervisors. Recently, there have been some challenges to this emphasis on relatedness, with the suggestion that this has become dogmatic and somehow covers over the experience of difference, individuality and aloneness. The very existence of the virus and its manner of spread arises from the relatedness to others and the relatedness to nature and the world. However, the pandemic, and the imposition of repeated 'lockdowns' and 'social distancing', if anything seems to highlight the existential dilemmas of relation-separation, connection-withdrawal in a highly stark, anxiety-provoking fashion. The pandemic and lockdowns have also affected couple relationships in myriad ways. Other couples have entered therapy due to the direct impact of the pandemic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Daily stress, family functioning and mental health among Palestinian couples in Israel during COVID-19: A moderated mediation model

The COVID-19 pandemic created a range of stressors, among them difficulties related to work conditions, financial changes, lack of childcare, and confinement or isolation due to social distancing. Among families and married individuals, these stressors were often expressed in additional daily hassles, with an influence on mental health. This study examined two moderated mediation models based on Bodenmann's systemic-transactional stress model. Specifically, the models tested the hypothesis that intra-dyadic stress mediates the association between extra-dyadic stress and mental health, while two measures of family functioning, cohesion and flexibility, moderate the relationship between extra and intra-dyadic stress. Participants were 480 Palestinian adults in Israel who completed self-report questionnaires. All were in opposite-sex marriages and identified as either cisgender women or cisgender men. The results showed partial mediation patterns supporting both models, indicating that family cohesion and flexibility weakened the mediating effect of intra-dyadic stress on the relationship between extra-dyadic stress and mental health. These findings increase our understanding of the variables that affected mental health during the pandemic, and suggest that when faced with extra-dyadic stress, married individuals with good family environments are less likely to experience high levels of intra-dyadic stress, which is in turn associated with preserved mental health. Limitations and implications for planning interventions for couples and families during the pandemic are discussed.

An Overview of Work-Life Wellness for Teleworking Couples

A sizeable number of employees throughout Canada are continuing to telework following the COVID-19 pandemic. Cou-ples who telework may experience tension between their work and personal life. Telework may also have positive and negative impacts on work-life wellness depending on employee circumstances. For example, teleworking women with children may be expected to prioritize their home and family over their work. COVID-relat-ed restrictions have eased across Canada, which allow for increased freedom around home and work arrangements. It is plausible that a long-term shift towards allowing employees to work remotely full or part-time will occur, and with that, there will be associated changes in family dynamics as both part-ners adjust to this "new normal. " In response to the complex rela-tionship between teleworking and work-life wellness in the context of couples, the first author has pro-posed a study to research work-life wellness for teleworking couples, addressing the research question, "how do teleworking couples construct and cultivate work-life wellness together? ". It is anticipat-ed that this study will foster under-standing of work-life wellness in teleworking couples, and inform policies, counselling techniques, and future research.

Alone, in the presence of a group

The article offers a reflection on the experience of the Marches Group of the Italian Society of Psychoanalytical Psychotherapy for Children, Adolescents and Couples during lockdown. Group members were able to share their thoughts from a distance during the emergency created by Covid-19 and this experience also continued subsequently. The group proved to be an important resource during this difficult period as it allowed members' minds to continue thinking while the world had come to a halt. The article dwells on a clinical case that was shared during the group's evening meetings. The protagonist was a girl in the latency period, whose symptoms arose during the Covid emergency. The group acted as a container and fostered thoughts and associations that supported the psychotherapist in this clinical experience. The group sharing was equally important for helping members to leave the protective shell of their homes when everything got going again. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) (Italian) La riflessione che proponiamo si articola sull'esperienza del gruppo Asne-Sipsia Marche nel corso del lockdown. Durante Femergenza da Covid 19 abbiamo potuto condividere pensieri da remoto, esperienza che e continuata anche successivamente. Il gruppo si e rivelato una risorsa importante in questo periodo difficile, permettendo alle nostre menti di continuare a pensare, mentre il mondo si era fermato. In questo lavoro ci soffermiamo su un caso clinico, condiviso nelle nostre serate, che ha come protagonista una bambina in eta di latenza la cui sintomatologia si inserisce nella cornice delFemergenza Covid. Il gruppo ha svolto la funzione di contenitore e ha favorito pensieri e associazioni che hanno sostenuto la psicoterapia in questa esperienza clinica. La condivisione e stata altrettanto importante per Fuscita dal guscio protettivo delle nostre case, al momento della ripartenza. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Moderation Analysis of a couple-based HIV/STI Intervention Among Heterosexual Couples in the Criminal Legal System Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Since the COVID-19 pandemic, intimate partner violence (IPV) rates have increased in the United States. Although accumulating research has documented the effectiveness of couple-based interventions in reducing HIV/STIs, it remains unclear whether they are effective and safe for couples experiencing IPV. We used moderation analysis from a randomized clinical trial to evaluate whether a couples-based HIV/STI intervention may have differential effectiveness in reducing HIV/STI risks among couples where one or both partners reported experiencing IPV compared to couples without such IPV among a sample of 230 men at risk for HIV/STIs who reported using drugs and were mandated to community supervision settings in New York City and their main female sexual partners. The findings of this study suggest that the effectiveness of this evidence-based couple HIV intervention in reducing condomless sex and other HIV/STI risks did not differ between couples with IPV compared to couples without IPV. Intimate partners who use drugs and are involved in the criminal legal system are disproportionately impacted by both HIV/STIs and IPV, underscoring the importance of couple-level interventions that may be scaled up to address the dyadic HIV risks and IPV together in community supervision settings.

Three systems therapy: A treatment manual for relationship distress among military and veteran couples

Relationship distress with a spouse or intimate partner is common across civilian and military populations. An examination of the literature provides compelling evidence that such interpersonal conflict can profoundly affect an individual's physical and mental health, financial well-being, and overall functioning. Relationship distress increases the likelihood that one will experience various mental health disorders while also decreasing the efficacy of pharmacologic and therapeutic interventions to treat these disorders. Psychotherapeutic approaches to address couple dysfunction have been historically unreliable, and clinicians often struggle to improve couple functioning. Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) was developed in the 1980s and is an empirically based treatment for the treatment of distressed couples. EFT is an attachment-based, experiential psychotherapy which seeks to promote improved couple functioning and greater relationship satisfaction through repairing a couple's attachment bond. A treatment manual is proposed for active-duty military and veteran couples using EFT. This manual will address the unique circumstances and issues associated with military life and its aftermath by combining EFT principles with effective practices from other theoretical orientations. Integrating best practices from different theoretical orientations may potentiate the efficacy of EFT when administered via telehealth, an important consideration in the era of COVID-19. This is the first treatment manual designed to integrate EFT with other theoretical orientations via telehealth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Implication of Covid-19 "Lock Down" on Family Functioning among Families with Young Children and Adolescents in Southwest States of Nigeria

Background: Family is the smallest and basic unit of any society. The health of the family will have a great impact on any nation. There are several physical, social and psychological factors that can affect the health of a family. COVID-19 lock down has brought about several changes in the global village which can have either positive or negative impacts on the health of family which in turn will have effects on the health of a nation. Methodology: Research study utilized a descriptive cross sectional design. Snowball sampling was used to select 200 respondents for the study. Willingness and ability to comprehend English were major Inclusion criteria. A web-based questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents using email WhatsApp or telegram. Data were analyzed using descriptive and Statistical inferences. Level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: The level of interaction between couples increased during COVID-19 lock down. There was a significant difference between mean scores of couples interaction with both children and adolescents before and during the lockdown (p= 0.022 and p<0.001 respectively). Although family functioning improved significantly during lockdown, however roles and enmeshed dimensions were significantly reduced during the lockdown (p=0.026 and p=0.046 respectively) Conclusion: The result has shown that COVID-19 lock down had positive on family;it strengthens and improved family relationship. This information can serves as evidence for nurses, physician and educationist working with family in developing more strategies that can help promote family bonding and functioning especially during crisis.

In Between Escapade and Peril: The Impact of COVID-19 on Nepali Returnees and Their Families

The outbreak of COVID-19 has damaged the world economy, resulting in the termination of thousands of jobs which affects migrants and their families who have both economic and other investments in migration. This article explores the experiences and challenges of Nepali migrant workers who returned from Malaysia and their wives who were left behind when they originally migrated. We discuss the aspirations of returnee workers, their life and experiences in Malaysia during the pandemic and their experiences of tackling the bureaucratic challenges of the return process in Malaysia and Nepal. We find that any problems in migration also affects those family members who are left behind and discuss the experiences of husbands affect migrants' wives, including their understanding of the foreign employment situation of the husbands and their involvement in different decisions related to foreign employment and the return of their husbands. The study follows a qualitative methodology. Phone interviews were conducted with ten returnee migrants from Malaysia and ten as well as three informants who have knowledge and experience of the sector. The article argues that both migrants and their family members face the consequences of any failures and challenges in migration and that policies should encourage joint discussion among governments of source and host countries on coping with the challenges of migration including in the context of a global pandemic.

The Impact of Household Labor Distribution on Domestic Conflicts During Covid-19 Confinement Orders in Spain and Italy

The COVID-19 pandemic and resulting lockdowns that started in March 2020 have sparked an increase in domestic labor in many families across the globe. This study focuses on gender differences in the distribution of domestic housework and childcare, as well as how they have impacted couples' conflicts during confinement, in the context of Spain and Italy. It employs a sequential mixed-methods approach in which a quantitative survey was followed by qualitative in-depth interviews. The results of the quantitative study (N = 447) showed that, for women, total household labor performed during confinement led to the perception of an unequal household distribution, which impacted couples' conflicts. In-depth interviews with participants from both countries confirmed the quantitative findings and allowed a nuanced understanding of how conflict negotiations evolved during the confinement. The results provide a comprehensive view of how the pandemic may have worsened women's situation in the household. HIGHLIGHTS Pandemic lockdowns intensified the already unequal distribution of housework in households in Spain and Italy. Women disproportionally spent more hours on childcare and household chores during confinement. Traditional gender norms shaped women's and men's perceptions of unfairness in terms of division of housework. Gender norms also limited women's bargaining power and shaped couples' conflict and negotiation strategies. Policies should aim to alleviate intrahousehold inequality to achieve better work–life balance for women. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Feminist Economics is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Relationship Functioning and Gut Microbiota Composition among Older Adult Couples.

An emerging area of research extends work on couple functioning and physical health to gut health, a critical marker of general health and known to diminish with age. As a foray into this area, we conducted a pilot study to (1) determine the feasibility of remote data collection, including a fecal sample, from older adult couples, (2) examine within-couple concordance in gut microbiota composition, and (3) examine associations between relationship functioning and gut microbiota composition. Couples (N = 30) were recruited from the community. The participants' demographic characteristics were as follows: M (SD) age = 66.6 (4.8), 53% female, 92% White, and 2% Hispanic. Two of the couples were same-sex. All 60 participants completed self-report measures and supplied a fecal sample for microbiome analysis. Microbial DNA was extracted from the samples, and the 16S rRNA gene V4 region was amplified and sequenced. The results indicated that individuals shared more similar gut microbial composition with their partners than with others in the sample, p < 0.0001. In addition, individuals with better relationship quality (greater relationship satisfaction and intimacy and less avoidant communication) had greater microbial diversity, p < 0.05, a sign of healthier gut microbiota. Further research with a larger and more diverse sample is warranted to elucidate mechanisms.

Job satisfaction as a mediator between family-to-work conflict and satisfaction with family life: a dyadic analysis in dual-earner parents.

Family-to-work conflict has received less attention in the literature compared to work-to-family conflict. This gap in knowledge is more pronounced during the COVID-19 pandemic, despite the documented increase in family responsibilities in detriment of work performance, particularly for women. Job satisfaction has been identified as a mediator between the family and work domains for the individual, but these family-to-work dynamics remain unexplored at a dyadic level during the pandemic. Therefore, this study tested the relationship between family-to-work conflict and job and family satisfaction, and the mediating role of job satisfaction between family-to-work conflict and family satisfaction, in dual-earner parents. A non-probability sample of 430 dual-earner parents with adolescent children were recruited in Rancagua, Chile. Mothers and fathers answered an online questionnaire with a measure of family-to-work conflict, the Job Satisfaction Scale and Satisfaction with Family Life Scale. Data was analysed using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model with structural equation modelling. Results showed that, for individuals, a higher family-to-work conflict is linked to lower satisfaction with both their job and family life, and these two types of satisfaction are positively associated with one another. Both parents experience a double negative effect on their family life satisfaction, due to their own, and to their partner's family-to-work conflict; however, for fathers, this effect from their partner occurs via their own job satisfaction. Limitations and implications of this study are discussed, indicating the need of family-oriented workplace policies with a gender perspective to increase satisfaction in the family domain for workers and their families.

Blame the pandemic: Buffering the association between stress and relationship quality during the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic created a unique climate for examining the links between stressful conditions and couples' relationship well-being. According to theories of stress spillover, stressors originating outside the relationship, such as work stress and financial uncertainty, often undermine relationship quality. However, if individuals can easily attribute their problems to the stressful circumstances, their relationship may be more resilient. Given the salience of the pandemic, the current study used two waves of 14-day daily diary data collected from 191 participants to examine whether blaming the pandemic for problems may reduce stress spillover. We also expected the buffering effect of pandemic blaming attributions to wane as stressful conditions persisted and continued to tax partners' coping resources. Multilevel modeling confirmed that women, but not men, who were more blaming of the pandemic exhibited reduced stress spillover during the COVID-19 outbreak;notably, this buffering effect did not weaken over time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Trauma-informed workshop for healing couples

This dissertation aims to develop a workshop curriculum focused on resiliency and post-trauma growth in couples. Significant shifts have been seen in work with trauma and couples, from a primary focus on solution-focused conflict reduction to a higher priority on post-traumatic growth and resiliency. In a randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral conjoint therapy, Wagner et al. (2016) note the importance of future research focusing on post-traumatic growth in treatment due to its positive impacts on relationships. As the world has seen significant levels of stress from the Coronavirus pandemic and, most recently, the war in Ukraine, the need for support for families is high. This project aims to integrate new constructs of couples counseling with trauma-informed approaches. Keywords: workshop, couples, trauma, post-traumatic growth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Outcomes of building a lasting connection: A pilot study

This pilot study used a quantitative design with a two-year follow-up to evaluate the effect couples participation in the early relationship education program, Building a Lasting Connection (BLC), had on participants' relationship satisfaction and dyadic adjustment and whether outcomes differed between those who practiced with a post-workshop take-home tool, and those who did not. The Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale (RDAS) and a researcher-created measure of stress to account for COVID-related stressors were used. The sample of participants was not randomized and there was no control group. The means of pretest scores (n = 73) taken at the start of workshops held shortly before the onset of COVID were compared to the means of scores (n = 15) at two-year follow-up. The follow-up sample consisted of six men and nine women who participated in a BLC workshop with their intimate partner. The average length of relationship was 4.8 years. Results showed statistically significant improvement in the RDAS measures of cohesion, satisfaction and total RDAS composite score. Cohesion improved most, with scores increasing from distressed to non-distressed levels. Consensus, which did not improve, had an inverse relationship with the amount of stress couples experienced after attending the workshop. Participants who used the take-home tool at least one to two times after completing the workshop improved in all areas compared to those who did not use the tool, but with statistical significance for the RDAS composite score only. There was no statistically significant association between the demographic variables (age and gender) and study outcomes. These findings provide preliminary support for the effectiveness of the BLC program in bolstering couples dyadic adjustment and relationship satisfaction, and the use of a take-home tool as a mechanism to improve outcomes and support long-term change in relationship satisfaction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Love in the time of COVID-19: How couples stayed ‘at home' during the first lockdown in Italy

How did the initial COVID-19 lockdown affect family life in terms of household chores, childcare, finances, communication, sexuality and other spheres of a romantic relationship? How do these issues differ based on whether the couple is in a long-distance relationship, dating but not living together, or is married or cohabitating, with or without children? Drawing on a virtual ethnography of Italian social-media communities, sixteen follow-up online interviews with eight adult couples and a discussion of their ‘Corona diaries', this contribution extends a practice-based approach to focus on couples' experiences, feelings and coping strategies during the COVID-19 lockdown temporalities of Spring 2020 in Italy. Forced self-isolation eroded feelings of ontological safety, making especially non-cohabiting partners feel even more vulnerable to the stress of contagion risk and loneliness. This phenomenon in some cases even de-romanticized the relationship to avoid feeling the lack of the partner. On the contrary, cohabiting couples revealed a discomfort linked to ‘domestic gravity' and daily crowding, or the difficulty of safeguarding small moments of solitude. Conflicts were particularly exacerbated when partners had to reconcile agile work, childcare and domestic work. Working mothers with young children are among those most affected by the increased workload and resulting frustration.

"Washing hands, reaching out"-Popular music, digital leisure and touch during the COVID-19 pandemic

Through the lens of contagion theory, this paper examines the act of sanitizing tactile references in popular music at a time of legislated and extreme isolation. "Sweet Caroline" is an infectious tune that embraces togetherness and intimacy both lyrically and through its live performance. However, on March 22, 2020, Neil Diamond posted on Twitter a clip of himself, alone in front of a fireplace, singing a modified version of his hit song which reworked the lyrics of "touching hands" to "washing hands" and "touching me, touching you" to "don't touch me, I won't touch you." More viral than COVID-19 itself, the revised "Sweet Caroline" has spread to over five million viewers in a couple of short weeks. Touch, during the COVID-19 pandemic, has become devalued at a time when it should be celebrated as a point of comfort in the present and as hope for the future. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Changes in couples sexual behavior during the lockdown due to COVID-19 in Puerto Rico

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has brought adverse consequences in several areas of a person's functioning, including economic, work, family, and academic. One area that has been little investigated in Puerto Rico is the effect of confinement on couples' sexual behavior. The objectives of the present study were: (1) analyze whether there are statistically significant differences between the sexual satisfaction of the participants before and during quarantine;(2) examine whether there have been significant changes in the quality of intimate relationships during the quarantine;and (3) evaluate whether anxiety and COVID-19 anxiety significantly predict participants' sexual satisfaction during quarantine. The sample consisted of 392 adults, primarily women (87.5%). The main results reflected a decrease in the quality of the couple's relationship and sexual satisfaction during the quarantine. In addition, the relationship between COVID-19 anxiety and sexual satisfaction during quarantine was low and negative. Although some differences turned out to be statistically significant, a look at these differences highlights that the differences were minimal at a practical and clinical level. Recommendations and practical implications are discussed from a clinical and counseling angle. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) (Spanish) La pandemia por coronavirus (COVID-19) trajo secuelas adversas en varias areas del funcionamiento de las personas, entre ellas economicas, laborales, familiares y academicas. Un area que no se ha investigado en Puerto Rico es el efecto de los encierros en la conducta sexual de las parejas. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron: (1) analizar si existen diferencias estadisticamente significativas entre la satisfaccion sexual de las personas participantes antes y durante la cuarentena;(2) examinar si se han producido cambios significativos en la calidad de las relaciones de pareja durante la cuarentena;y (3) evaluar si la ansiedad y la ansiedad por COVID-19 predicen la satisfaccion sexual de las personas participantes durante la cuarentena. La muestra consistio de 392 personas adultas en su mayoria mujeres (87.5%). Los resultados reflejaron una disminucion en la calidad de la relacion de pareja y en la satisfaccion sexual durante la cuarentena. La relacion entre ansiedad por COVID-19 y satisfaccion sexual durante la cuarentena fue significativa, baja y negativa. A pesar que algunas diferencias resultaron ser estadisticamente significativas, una mirada a dichas diferencias resalta que a nivel practico y clinico las diferencias fueron minimas. Se discuten recomendaciones e implicaciones para la clinica y consejeria. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Emotion Focused Therapy and Chinese American Clients: An Exploration Using the Cultural Lens Approach

Asian Americans are the fastest growing ethnic group in the United States and of this group, Chinese Americans represent the largest subgroup. Some scholars have speculated that more symptom-focused and directive psychotherapeutic approaches may be more congruent with Chinese Americans' conceptualization of treatment than traditional Western modalities. Although these approaches may be more culturally appropriate and efficacious for some Chinese American clients, they presuppose that Chinese American clients have difficulties or an inability to express or communicate underlying emotional distress. As a consequence of this generalization, mental health therapists may assume that emotion-oriented psychotherapeutic approaches such as Emotion Focused Therapy (EFT) will not benefit this population. Notwithstanding efforts to expand the relevance of EFT, there remains little research examining the cultural validity of EFT across cultural groups, particularly for Chinese American clients. In this article, we use the Cultural Lens Approach to assess the relevance and applicability of EFT for Chinese American individuals and couples. The aim of this article is to provide clinical direction for therapists using EFT with Chinese American clients and energize the field to conduct further research examining the relevance and applicability of psychotherapeutic approaches with this client group. Further, this article aims to combat stereotypes and Western notions of mental health, which may be limiting clinical and research perspectives on mental healthcare for Chinese Americans. This exploration comes at a time when Chinese Americans are at increased risk of adverse mental health outcomes due to race-based violence and discrimination observed during the COVID-19 pandemic.Copyright © 2023 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Relational turbulence and social network engagement during the summer of COVID-19: A repeated measures, dyadic analysis

Background/Purpose: Relational turbulence theory suggests that changes in and around relationships create the potential for relational turbulence when everyday routines and scripts are upended and communication becomes polarized. In turn, perceptions of a romantic relationship as chaotic or tumultuous can influence a person's engagement with their social network. Alternately, previous research also suggests that engagement with friends and family has the potential to influence married partner's relationship quality. Research Design: This study examined these propositions among a sample of married couples (N = 64, 128 individuals) whose daily experiences and relationship dynamics changed during the COVID-19 lockdown period. Results/Conclusions: Based on a 10-week, weekly diary repeated measures design, results suggest that relational turbulence and the valence of social network engagement may be mutually influential, such that (a) relational turbulence may influence the way in which married partners interpret communication with social network members and (b) the valence of communication with social network members may influence experiences of relational turbulence.